{"id":764,"date":"2014-10-29T09:21:23","date_gmt":"2014-10-29T07:21:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/excentiscom.webhosting.be\/?p=764"},"modified":"2022-06-24T08:33:29","modified_gmt":"2022-06-24T06:33:29","slug":"use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Rigorously testing a network device or distributed service requires complex, realistic network test environments. Linux Traffic Control (tc) with Network Emulation (netem) provides the building blocks to create an impairment node that simulates such networks.<\/p>\n<p><em>This three-part series describes how an impairment node can be set up using Linux Traffic Control. In this first blog post, Linux Traffic control and its queuing disciplines are introduced. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-impairment-node-test-environment-part-2\">second part<\/a>\u00a0will show which traffic control configurations are available to impair traffic and how to use them. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-impairment-node-test-environment-part-3\">third<\/a>\u00a0and last part will describe how to get an impairment node up and running!<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Emulation by elimination<\/h2>\n<p>How does your product operate in a realistic (or high latency) environment? Well let\u2019s find out.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maybe we can use the production network, which obviously contains a realistic latency environment?\u00a0<em>\u201cOut of question!\u201d<\/em>, responds the operations department.<\/li>\n<li>Perhaps we could engineer a purpose-built network with the desired characteristics?\u00a0<em>\u201cOut of budget!\u201d<\/em>, yells your project manager.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This leaves us with\u00a0<strong>emulation<\/strong>: simulating an (arbitrarily complex) network by configuring the desired network impairments in software.<\/p>\n<h2>Linux to the rescue<\/h2>\n<p>Network nodes (such as IP routers) often run a Linux based operating system. The Linux kernel offers a native framework for routing, bridging, firewalling, address translation and much else.<\/p>\n<p>Before a packet leaves the output interface, it passes through\u00a0<strong><em>Linux Traffic Control<\/em>\u00a0(tc)<\/strong>. This component is a powerful tool for scheduling, shaping, classifying and prioritizing traffic.<\/p>\n<div class=\"file file-image file-image-png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-765 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc.png 960w, https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc-768x175.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/div>\n<div>The basic component of Linux Traffic Control is the\u00a0<strong><em>queuing discipline<\/em>\u00a0(<em>qdisc<\/em>)<\/strong>. The simplest implementation of a qdisc is\u00a0<em>first in first out (FIFO).<\/em>\u00a0Other queuing disciplines include\u00a0<em>Token Bucket Filter (TBF)<\/em>, which shapes traffic to conform to a configured output rate and burstiness.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong><em>network emulation<\/em>\u00a0(netem)<\/strong>\u00a0project adds queuing disciplines that emulate wide area network properties such as latency, jitter, loss, duplication, corruption and reordering.<\/p>\n<h2>A first glance<\/h2>\n<p>Suppose we have an impairment node device (any Linux based system) which manipulates traffic between its two Ethernet interfaces\u00a0<tt>eth0<\/tt>\u00a0and\u00a0<tt>eth1<\/tt>\u00a0to simulate a wide area network. An extra interface (e.g.\u00a0<tt>eth2<\/tt>) should be available to configure the device\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Out-of-band_management\">out-of-band<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>We can check the default queuing disciplines and traffic classes using the\u00a0<tt>tc<\/tt>\u00a0(<a href=\"http:\/\/lartc.org\/manpages\/tc.html\">man page<\/a>) command:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<pre><strong>$ tc qdisc show<\/strong>\r\nqdisc pfifo_fast 0: dev eth0 root refcnt 2 bands 3 priomap\u00a0 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1\r\nqdisc pfifo_fast 0: dev eth1 root refcnt 2 bands 3 priomap\u00a0 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1\r\nqdisc pfifo_fast 0: dev eth2 root refcnt 2 bands 3 priomap\u00a0 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1\r\n<strong>$ tc class show<\/strong>\r\n&lt;no output&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>The default traffic control configuration consists of a single queuing discipline pfifo_fast (man page, read more) and contains no user defined traffic classes. This queuing discipline works more or less as FIFO, but looks at the IP ToS bits to prioritize certain packets. Each line in the output above should be read as follows:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Interface <tt>eth0<\/tt>\u00a0has a queuing discipline\u00a0<tt>pfifo_fast<\/tt>\u00a0with label\u00a0<tt>0:<\/tt>\u00a0attached to the\u00a0<tt>root<\/tt>\u00a0of its qdisc tree. This qdisc classifies and prioritizes all outgoing packets by mapping their 4-bit IP ToS value (i.e. the 16 listed values) to native Linux priority bands 0, 1 or 2. Traffic in band 0 is always served first, then the second band is emptied of pending traffic, before moving on to band 2. Within a band, all packets are sent in a FIFO manner.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Queuerarchy<\/h2>\n<p>Each interface has a qdisc hierarchy. The first qdisc is attached to the\u00a0<tt>root<\/tt>\u00a0label and subsequent qdiscs specify the label of their parent.<\/p>\n<p>Some examples of hierarchies are shown in the picture below. It also shows the conventional labels used.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-766 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"686\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png 686w, https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs-300x195.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Adding a qdisc to the\u00a0<tt>root<\/tt>\u00a0of an interface (using\u00a0<tt>tc qdisc add<\/tt>) actually replaces the default configuration shown above. Deleting a root qdisc (using\u00a0<tt>tc qdisc del<\/tt>) actually removes the complete hierarchy and replaces it with the default.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>$ tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: my_qdisc &lt;args&gt;<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p>Queuing disciplines may be chained, with traffic flowing through both, by specifying the label of their predecessor as parent.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>$ tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: my_qdisc1 &lt;args&gt;<\/strong>\r\n<strong>$ tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1: handle 2: my_qdisc2 &lt;args&gt;<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p>Classful queuing disciplines classify their traffic. Each of the traffic classes can be handled in a specific way, through a specific child qdisc.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>$ tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: classful_qdisc &lt;args&gt;\r\n$ tc class add dev eth0 parent 1: classid 1:1 myclass &lt;args&gt;\r\n$ tc class add dev eth0 parent 1: classid 1:2 myclass &lt;args&gt;<\/strong>\r\n<strong>$ tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:2 handle 20: my_qdisc2 &lt;args&gt;<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h2>Configuring traffic impairments<\/h2>\n<p>To impair traffic leaving an interface\u00a0<tt>eth0<\/tt>, we simply overwrite the default qdisc with our own impairment qdisc hierarchy. Which impairment configurations are available and how they can be configured is described in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-impairment-node-test-environment-part-2\">second part<\/a>\u00a0of this series!<\/p>\n<h2>More information<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>man pages\n<ul>\n<li><tt>tc<\/tt>:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/lartc.org\/manpages\/tc.html\">http:\/\/lartc.org\/manpages\/tc.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li><tt>tc-&lt;qdisc&gt;<\/tt>:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/lartc.org\/manpages\/\">http:\/\/lartc.org\/manpages\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><tt>tc-netem<\/tt>:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man8\/tc-netem.8.html\">http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man8\/tc-netem.8.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Linux Advanced Routing &amp; Traffic Control HOWTO, Chapter 9 on Queuing Disciplines, by Bert Hubert at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/lartc.org\/howto\/\">lartc.org<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li>Describes Traffic Control in the context of routing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Traffic Control HOWTO, by Martin A. Brown at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/linux-ip.net\/articles\/Traffic-Control-HOWTO\/\">linux-ip.net<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li>Full introduction<\/li>\n<li>Chapter 6 on classless qdiscs, with illustrations<\/li>\n<li>Chapter 7 on classful qdiscs, with illustrations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Practical Guide to Linux Traffic Control, by Jason Boxman (<a href=\"http:\/\/borg.uu3.net\/traffic_shaping\/\">link<\/a>)\n<ul>\n<li>Many examples and commands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Netem project page at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.linuxfoundation.org\/collaborate\/workgroups\/networking\/netem\">linuxfoundation.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rigorously testing a network device or distributed service requires complex, realistic network test environments. Linux Traffic Control (tc) with Network Emulation (netem) provides the building blocks to create an impairment node that simulates such networks. This three-part series describes how an impairment node can be set up using Linux Traffic Control. In this first blog &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":766,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_genesis_block_theme_hide_title":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,63,69],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1) - Excentis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1) - Excentis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rigorously testing a network device or distributed service requires complex, realistic network test environments. Linux Traffic Control (tc) with Network Emulation (netem) provides the building blocks to create an impairment node that simulates such networks. This three-part series describes how an impairment node can be set up using Linux Traffic Control. In this first blog &hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Excentis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Excentis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-10-29T07:21:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-06-24T06:33:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"686\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"445\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bram\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@excentis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@excentis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bram\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Bram\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/person\/14a2ac99879eb7b7d4c1a8d666b7a119\"},\"headline\":\"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1)\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-10-29T07:21:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-24T06:33:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\"},\"wordCount\":771,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Latency\",\"Performance\",\"Throughput\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\",\"name\":\"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1) - Excentis\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-10-29T07:21:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-24T06:33:29+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png\",\"width\":686,\"height\":445},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/\",\"name\":\"Excentis\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Excentis\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/logo_excentis_001_1200dpi_sRGB.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/logo_excentis_001_1200dpi_sRGB.png\",\"width\":3237,\"height\":450,\"caption\":\"Excentis\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Excentis\/\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/excentis\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/excentis\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/person\/14a2ac99879eb7b7d4c1a8d666b7a119\",\"name\":\"Bram\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c2703bf3f7122d24e15d1eba9b10077d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c2703bf3f7122d24e15d1eba9b10077d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Bram\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/author\/excentis_super_admin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1) - Excentis","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1) - Excentis","og_description":"Rigorously testing a network device or distributed service requires complex, realistic network test environments. Linux Traffic Control (tc) with Network Emulation (netem) provides the building blocks to create an impairment node that simulates such networks. This three-part series describes how an impairment node can be set up using Linux Traffic Control. In this first blog &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/","og_site_name":"Excentis","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Excentis\/","article_published_time":"2014-10-29T07:21:23+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-06-24T06:33:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":686,"height":445,"url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Bram","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@excentis","twitter_site":"@excentis","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Bram","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/"},"author":{"name":"Bram","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/person\/14a2ac99879eb7b7d4c1a8d666b7a119"},"headline":"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1)","datePublished":"2014-10-29T07:21:23+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-24T06:33:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/"},"wordCount":771,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png","articleSection":["Latency","Performance","Throughput"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/","url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/","name":"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1) - Excentis","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png","datePublished":"2014-10-29T07:21:23+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-24T06:33:29+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs.png","width":686,"height":445},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/blog\/use-linux-traffic-control-as-impairment-node-in-a-test-environment-part-1\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Use Linux Traffic Control as impairment node in a test environment (part 1)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/","name":"Excentis","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#organization","name":"Excentis","url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/logo_excentis_001_1200dpi_sRGB.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/logo_excentis_001_1200dpi_sRGB.png","width":3237,"height":450,"caption":"Excentis"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Excentis\/","https:\/\/twitter.com\/excentis","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/excentis\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/person\/14a2ac99879eb7b7d4c1a8d666b7a119","name":"Bram","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c2703bf3f7122d24e15d1eba9b10077d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c2703bf3f7122d24e15d1eba9b10077d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Bram"},"url":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/author\/excentis_super_admin\/"}]}},"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs-600x400.png","featured_image_src_square":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/linux_tc_qdiscs-600x445.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Bram","author_link":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/author\/excentis_super_admin\/"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/764"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=764"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1969,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/764\/revisions\/1969"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/766"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.excentis.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}